For the American rugby league player Joe Hughes see Joe Hughes (rugby league).
Joe “Guitar” Hughes (September 29, 1937 – May 20, 2003) was a blues musician, from Houston, Texas. An inventive and versatile performer, Hughes was equally happy with slow blues, Texas shuffles and old R&B hits.
Contents
1Career
2Selected discography
3See also
4References
5External links
Career
Hughes was sold on the blues by local heroes like Clarence “Gatemouth” Brown and Johnny “Guitar” Watson - “anyone who had fire in their playing and a good shuffle”. His first band was the Dukes Of Rhythm in the 1950s, which also included his friend, Johnny Copeland.
In the 1960s he worked for Little Richard’s old group the Upsetters, and next as a member of Bobby “Blue” Bland’s band in the 1960s. Like Jonny Copeland he could not see much of a future for the blues in Houston, but unlike him Hughes stayed there.
A long dry spell followed, but Hughes finally came back to the spotlight with a fine set for Black Top Records in 1989 with If You Want to See These Blues (by that time, he had inserted a “Guitar” as his middle name, much like his old pal Watson).
From the early 1980s he toured Europe and recorded for Double Trouble Records of Holland. They issued Texas Guitar Master in 1986, which included a live “Battle of the Guitars” with fellow Texan bluesman Pete Mayes, that testified to the abiding influence on both men by T-Bone Walker.
After half a century of playing the blues, Joe “Guitar” Hughes died on May 20, 2003 after suffering a heart attack.
Selected discography
1988 - Craftsman (Double Trouble)
1989 - If You Want To See These Blues (Black Top)
1995 - Down & Depressed (The Network)
1996 - Live At Vrendenburg (Double Trouble)
1996 - Texas Guitar Slinger (Bullseye Blues)
2001 - Stuff Like That (Blues Express)
See also
List of Electric blues musicians
List of Texas blues musicians
References
^
^ abcdeRussell, Tony (1997). The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books Limited. pp. p. 119. ISBN 1-85868-255-X.
^ abc Allmusic biography - accessed January 2008
^ Allmusic discography
External links
Times Online obituary
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_%22Guitar%22_Hughes”
Categories: 1937 births | 2003 deaths | American blues guitarists | American blues musicians | Texas blues musicians | People from Houston, Texas | Black Top Records artists | Deaths from myocardial infarction
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Vratislaus II of Bohemia
Duke and King of Bohemia
Reign
1061–1092
Coronation
1085, Prague
Born
?
Birthplace
Bohemia, Czech Republic
Died
14 January 1092
Place of death
Bohemia, Czech Republic
Buried
Vyšehrad
Predecessor
Spytihnev II of Bohemia
Successor
Conrad I of Bohemia
Wives
Maria N
Adelaide Arpad
?wi?tos?awa of Poland
Offspring
Bretislaus II of Bohemia
Borivoj II of Bohemia
Vladislaus I of Bohemia
Sobeslav I of Bohemia
Royal House
P?emyslid dynasty
Father
Bretislaus I of Bohemia
Mother
Judith of Schweinfurt
Vratislaus II or Wratislaus II (Czech: Vratislav II) (died 14 January 1092), the son of Bretislaus I and Judith of Schweinfurt, daughter of Henry of Schweinfurt, was the first King of Bohemia from 15 June 1085. The royal title was a grant, however, from the Holy Roman Emperor and was not hereditary. Before being raised to kingship, he had ruled Bohemia as duke since 1061. He was one of the greatest of medieval Bohemian rulers.
On his father’s death in 1055, Vratislaus became duke of Olomouc. He fell out with his brother Spytihnev II and was exiled to Hungary. Vratislaus regained his Moravian ducal throne with Hungarian assistance and eventually reconciled with his brother and succeed him as duke of Bohemia.
Vratislaus was an ally of the Emperor Henry IV. He supported Henry in both the Investiture Controversy and the rebellions in Saxony which dominated his long reign. Pope Gregory VII, having already gained the support of Boleslaus II of Poland, was keen on roping in the duke of Bohemia to surround the emperor with adversaries fighting for the church. The pope confirmed Vratislaus in the privilege of wearing the mitre and tunic which his predecessors had had. The pope also expressed gratitude for the regular payment of tribute to the Holy See.
Vratislaus was often at odds with his brother Jaromir, the bishop of Prague, and he wore his religious vestments around the bishop to irritate him. Jaromir, for his part, ignored the creation of a new Moravian diocese by Vratislaus in 1063. Jaromir even went so far as to take by arms the relics removed from Prague to Moravia. Despite the pope’s support for Vratislaus’ new see, the Bohemian duke was unswayed in his loyalty to the emperor.
The Saxons revolted under their Duke Magnus and Otto of Nordheim, Duke of Bavaria, in 1070 and Boleslaus of Poland attacked Bohemia in 1071. In August 1073, Henry responded with an invasion of Poland, but a new Saxon revolt drew him back in 1075. Vratislaus joined him and they defeated the rebels on June 9 at the First Battle of Langensalza. The Bohemian troops showed conspicuous bravery. Henry then took Jaromir to Germany to be his chancellor by the name of Gebhard and Vratislaus was greatly relieved.
Vratislaus also took part in the wars against the anti-kings who opposed Henry’s rule and were elected by a part of the nobility to replace him. At the Battle of Flarchheim, only through the aid of Vratislaus’ contingent was the imperial army capable of overcoming the rebels of the papally-approved claimant Rudolf of Rheinfelden, Duke of Swabia. Vratislaus even succeeded in seizing Rudolf’s golden sword. The golden sword was then carried in front of Vratislaus on state occasions.
Relations with the papacy
Vratislaus raised an army to serve in Henry’s Italian campaign of 1081. In 1083, Vratislaus and his Bohemians were with Henry when they entered the Eternal City itself.
Despite his serving an excommunicated emperor, Vratislaus maintained good relations with the papacy. Nonetheless, Gregory refused to grant Vratislaus permission to use the Slavonic liturgy. Never, however, did Vratislaus link his fate with that of Henry’s antipope, Clement III.
Expansionism
Denar of Vratislaus II.
Vratislaus coveted the largely Slavic marches of Meissen and Lusatia, but, in spite of Henry’s promises and Bohemian successes against the rebellious margraves, he never received them. He held Lower Lusatia between 1075 and 1086, but in 1088, with the insurrection of Egbert II of Meissen, Henry granted the region to Henry of Ostmark. Vratislaus was thereafter cool to Henry’s military adventures. He never adjusted his loyalty, but he abstained from giving the emperor martial aid.
Internal affairs
It was a Premyslid tradition that Moravia would be entrusted to the younger brothers of the ruling prince. In Vratislaus’ case, his two younger brothers Conrad and Otto inherited Brno and Olomouc and the youngest, Jaromir, entered the church. However, enmity grew between the brothers. It was then that Vratislaus founded the diocese of Olmütz (diocese of Olomouc), under the Archbishopric of Mainz, to counter Otto’s authority within his province. Both pope and emperor took a hand in refereeing the conflict, which was partially fixed with Henry’s appointment of Jaromir as chancellor in 1077. In April 1085, a reichstag convened in Mainz suppressed the Moravian see and, but Vratislaus later refounded the see. Jaromir protested in Rome to Pope Urban II, but died in 1090.
Sadly for Vratislaus, his last years were occupied by dynastic quarrelling. When his brother Otto died in 1086, he gave Olomouc to his son Boleslaus, which was seen to be an act against the interests of Conrad. Vratislaus raised an army against Conrad and sent it out under his other son Bretislaus. Instead, this son turned on him. Vratislaus, in keeping with Bohemian custom, designated an heir: Conrad. Thus reconciled with his surviving brother, the two demolished Bretislaus, who fled to Hungary.
Vratislaus died of a hunting wound on January 14, 1092, after a reign of thirty years. He was buried in St. Peter and Paul?s Church, Vyšehrad.
Family
Vratislaus was married three times. His first wife Maria died during premature childbirth. He married the second time in 1057 to Adelaide, daughter of Andrew I of Hungary, who died in 1061. They had four children:
Vratislaus (-1061)
Judith (1056/58-1086), married to Ladislaus I Herman, son of Casimir I of Poland
Ludmila(-after 1100)
Bretislaus II of Bohemia (c. 1060–December 22, 1100), Duke of Bohemia
In 1062, Vratislaus married a third time to ?wi?tos?awa of Poland, a daughter of Casimir I of Poland. They had five children:
Boleslaus (-1091)
Borivoj II of Bohemia (c. 1064-February 2, 1124), Duke of Bohemia
Vladislaus I of Bohemia (-April 12, 1125), Duke of Bohemia
Sobeslav I of Bohemia (-February 14, 1140), Duke of Bohemia
Judith (c. 1066-9 December 1108), married to Wiprecht de Groitzsch
Boleslaus II of Bohemia
Emma of Melnik
Berthold, Margrave of the Nordmark
Eilika of Walbeck
Otto
Oldrich of Bohemia
Božena (K?esinova)
Henry of Schweinfurt
Gerberga
Bretislaus I of Bohemia
Judith of Schweinfurt
Vratislaus II of Bohemia
References
^ František Palacký: D?jiny národa ?eského v ?echách i v Morav?, book III
Literature
Vratislav Vaní?ek: Vratislav II. (I.). První ?eský král. Vyšehrad 2004, ISBN 80-7021-655-7
Hans Patze: Die Pegauer Annalen, die Königserhebung Wratislaws v. Böhmen und die Anfänge der Stadt Pegau. JGMODtl 12, 1963, 1-62
Percy Ernst Schramm: Böhmen und das Regnum: Die Verleihung der Königswürde an die Herzöge von Böhmen (1085/86,1158,1198/1203) (Adel und Kirche. G. Tellenbach z. 65. Geb. Hrsg. J. Fleckenstein-K. Schmid, 1968), 346-364.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to category: Vratislaus II of Bohemia
Regnal titles
Preceded by Spytihnev II
Duke of Bohemia
1061–1085
Vacant
Title next held by Conrad I
Preceded by none
King of Bohemia
1085–1092
Vacant
Title next held by Vladislaus II
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratislaus_II_of_Bohemia”
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This page was last modified on 14 January 2010 at 17:50.
Kuro5hin (K5) (pronounced “corrosion”, i.e. /k??ro???n/) is a collaborative discussion website. Articles are created and submitted by Kuro5hin’s users and submitted to queue for evaluation. Site members can vote for or against publishing an article and, once the article has reached a certain number of votes, it is then published to the site or deleted from the queue. The site has been described as “a free-for-all of news and opinion written by readers”.
Kuro5hin is powered by the Scoop collaborative system. Its motto is “Technology and Culture, from the Trenches”. It was founded by Rusty Foster in December 1999. Kuro5hin’s membership used to number in the tens of thousands, but its popularity has declined significantly from its peak in the early 2000s, and the present number of active users is much less (likely in the low hundreds).
Contents
1Overview
2History
3See also
4References
5External links
Overview
All content is generated and selected by the users themselves with the exception of site news, that are written by the site administrators. Registered users can submit stories to the submissions queue. In the queue, users vote +1 FP (front page), +1, 0, or -1. If the story reaches a predetermined threshold score (originally at +95 and lowered from +70 to +40 in December 2006 due to the site’s waning popularity), it is posted to the front page or to the relevant section depending on the proportion of FP votes. If it fails to make the threshold, other factors (such as number of comments and their ratings) can still cause the story to be posted to section. Otherwise, it is dropped.
One feature of the story queue is edit mode, in which a story is protected from voting for a period of time and the author can make changes. Comments can still be made on the story to suggest changes before voting begins. They are distinguished as being editorial or topical comments.
A further section is known as the diaries. They have no editing or moderation vetting and are essentially weblogs. They are the source of most of Kuro5hin’s content by volume, though unlike the edited article sections, they are not widely syndicated.
Kuro5hin site administrators have on several occasions revealed the full name of a user, and are known to publish complaints and comments emailed by readers, usually to publicly ridicule and insult them.
History
Rusty Foster named Kuro5hin — which is, as noted, pronounced corrosion — as a pun on his first name. The number 5 was inspired by a character called Da5id in Neal Stephenson’s 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash. Dylan Griffiths (Inoshiro) was second-in-command as site administrator for a time.
The community also holds a (now dormant) wiki for Kuro5hin related material called “Ko4ting” (pronounced “coating” or “cavorting”). It houses information about the community, including a Greatest Stories Hall of Fame, Welcome/Introduction Guide, History of Kuro5hin, and a story directory.
In January 2002, OSDN ended the advertising affiliate agreement with Kuro5hin .
In June 2002 Rusty Foster suggested that he might be forced to sell or shut down Kuro5hin due to lack of funds, and he solicited donations to support the site. In response, readers gave more than $37,000 in donations and other support in less than a week. Shortly thereafter Foster announced plans to create a non-profit organization known as the Collaborative Media Foundation (CMF) to manage K5. Since then, some users have been critical of a perceived lack of active management and functional improvements to the site. As of 2008, the CMF is not legally incorporated, and the site runs on bandwidth provided by sponsor voxel dot net, with ad revenues going directly into Foster’s pocket.
The style and content of what is in part a magazine site has ebbed and flowed over time, at first resembling more the typical Slashdot geek fare. Following the Dot-Com Crash, the election of George W. Bush and the Iraq War, the site saw an increase in politics articles. In early 2003 a fiction section was added.
In the second half of 2003 a large portion of the diarists abandoned Kuro5hin. Around the same time complaints about trolls increased.
On March 25, 2004, Rusty Foster closed off new user accounts because of posting of a photoshopped pornographic image of his wife fornicating with a large man of African descent. He later announced he was going to implement new user sponsorship. Many users believed that it would be the beginning of the end of Kuro5hin and some believed the whole scheme wouldn’t work at all. On July 13, Rusty Foster reopened new user accounts and informed the community that he was abandoning the idea of user sponsorship.
On July 23, 2004, Rusty Foster announced that he was going to alter the way editors modify peoples’ diaries to make it more visible to the K5 community. This was done in response to the way that an unknown editor modified circletimessquare’s diary. There was confusion over whether the diary was a troll, and a subsequent diary by curien underscored this further. As of June 22, 2005, almost one year later, these changes to editor powers have still not been implemented.
On July 4, 2005, a minor scandal erupted over the publication of a front page article titled “Fuck Natalee Holloway” that was perceived to be ridiculing alleged rape and murder victim Natalee Holloway, with new users signing up to denounce the author and Kuro5hin administrators.
On June 14, 2006, a cross-site scripting vulnerability was used to compromise cookies belonging to administrators. This access was then used to embed an Iframe redirect to Last Measure into every page on the site. The site existed in this state for about 15 minutes before being taken down entirely. After approximately 2 hours of downtime, the site was restored to its normal state.
On September 10, 2007, Rusty Foster announced a $5 fee for new members joining the site, with the intent of discouraging trolls. This came in the wake of several attacks on site at the end of August, when Foster was distracted with the birth of his new child .
See also
Advogato
Slashdot
Metafilter
Digg
reddit
Techdirt
Adequacy.org
References
^ abcBoutin, Paul (21 June 2002). “It Takes a Village to Save a Site”. Wired. http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2002/06/53386. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
^ abMurphy, David (20 September 2005). “Google’s ad network spreads the wealth: here’s how Google’s AdSense program can make money for your Web site. (INTERNET BUSINESS).”. PC Magazine24 (16): pp. 74.
^Brandt, Andrew (2001-08). “Kuro5hin. (Internet/Web/Online Service Information) (Brief Article).”. PC World19 (8): pp. 96.
^ ab http://k5.trolltrack.com/stats.php
^janra (27 February 2005). “Scoop Story Selection”. Kuro5hin. http://scoop.kuro5hin.org/guide/4_1_Story_Selection.html. Retrieved 4 November 2006.
^rusty (13 November 2000). “Diaries, at last!”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2000/11/13/5344/4074. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
^rusty (13 August 2005). “Kaycee Nilson: Whiner”. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2005/8/13/16425/4075. Retrieved 16 December 2006.
^rusty (12 November 2005). “Jason Pawloski: Probably not the kind of person you want to hire.”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2005/9/12/224228/196. Retrieved 4 November 2006.
^Kuro5hin administrators (12 September 2005). “Letters to Help@K5″. http://www.kuro5hin.org/user/Letters%20to%20Help%40K5/diary. Retrieved 4 November 2006.
^UNITED (8 July 2005). “Chopped into timy pieces: the “Fuck Natalee Holloway” hate mail”. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2005/7/8/141115/2706. Retrieved 4 November 2006.
^ OSDN to End K5 Affiliate Agreement
^rusty (17 June 2002). “We’re Broke: The Economics of a Web Community”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2002/6/17/23933/5831. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
^rusty (21 June 2002). “The fundraiser ends, and the next stage begins”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2002/6/21/10533/6651. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
^rusty (19 August 2002). “Introducing the Collaborative Media Foundation”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2002/8/19/185958/536. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
^rusty (27 January 2003). “Introducing K5 Fiction”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2003/1/28/15027/8698. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
^rusty (25 March 2004). “User Sponsorship and Managed Growth”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/3/24/0502/96199. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
^myrspace (5 May 2004). “this post awakened me..”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/comments/2004/5/1/151626/0942/100#100. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
^alby (3 May 2004). “The Last K5 User”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/5/1/151626/0942. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
^Ta bu shi da yu (18 May 2004). “Why sponsored users won’t work”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/5/18/85939/8987. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
^rusty (13 July 2004). “New Users Re-opened”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/7/13/13147/8165. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
^rusty (23 July 2004). “Yeah”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/comments/2004/7/23/105639/426/18#18. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
^circletimessquare (22 July 2004). “You go girl”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/7/22/4848/95567. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
^curien (23 July 2004). “Censorship”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/7/23/105639/426. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
^nebbish (23 July 2004). “Poor curien”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/comments/2004/7/23/105639/426/3#3. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
^Cowculator (13 July 2005). “New users, prog rock”. Kuro5hin. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2005/7/13/3413/43516. Retrieved 4 November 2006.
^“K5 Becomes “Gated Dysfunctional Community”". Kuro5hin. 10 September 2007. http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2007/9/10/13920/3664.
External links
Kuro5hin.org
Kuro5hin.org FAQ
Ko4ting, a K5 Companion Wiki
Interview with Rusty Foster of Kuro5hin.org, Dotcom Scoop, January 28, 2002
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuro5hin”
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This page was last modified on 4 December 2009 at 23:13.
Bernard Schubert
Carey Wilson
based on the story by
Juliet Wilbur Tompkins
Starring
Edna May Oliver
Helen Chandler
Hobart Bosworth
John Darrow
Rochelle Hudson
Robert Emmett O’Connor
Florence Roberts
Harry Stubbs
Music by
Max Steiner
Cinematography
Ray Rennahan (Technicolor)
Distributed by
RKO Radio Pictures
Release date(s)
October 10, 1931
Running time
73 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Fanny Foley Herself (1931) is an American comedy-drama film that was shot entirely in Technicolor. The film was the second feature to be filmed a new Technicolor process which removed grain and resulted in a much improved color. It was released under the title Top of the Bill in Britain.
Contents
1Synopsis
2Trivia
3Preservation
4References
5External links
Synopsis
Edna May Oliver plays a widowed woman with two daughters (Helen Chandler, Rochelle Hudson) who attempts to revive her career as a vaudeville performer. The wealthy father-in-law, who believes that a vaudeville performer is not fit to bring up children properly, forces her to choose between her daughters or her career. He convinces her to give them up. In the end, all is forgiven and the father-in-law asks Fanny to sing one of her songs.
Trivia
Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (November 2007)
The color work was universally praised by reviewers.
As a result of the quality of the color work in The Runaround (1931), Radio Pictures decided to produce three more pictures in the new Technicolor process. The first of these, Fanny Foley Herself (1931), was the only one to be completed and released in Technicolor. The titles of the two other features were MarchetaandBird of Paradise. Marcheta seems to have been abandoned, while Bird of Paradise was changed into a black and white production starring Dolores Del Rio.
This was Edna May Oliver’s first appearance in color. She would only appear in color once more, in the 1939 film Drums Along the Mohawk. She did not appear in the Technicolor sequences of The American Venus (1926).
This was Helen Chandler’s only appearance in a color film. She did not appear in the color sequences of Radio Parade of 1935 (1934). She may have appeared in the color sequences of the silent film The Joy Girl (1927). This film, rumored to exist at the Museum of Modern Art, is unavailable for inspection.
Preservation
The film is now believed to be a lost film. No elements of the film or the soundtrack are known to exist.
References
^ Los Angeles Times; September 13, 1931; Page B13.
External links
Fanny Foley Herself (1931) at the Internet Movie Database
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Foley_Herself”
Categories: 1931 films | Films made before the MPAA Production Code | Films shot in Technicolor | Lost films | RKO films | English-language films | American drama films | 1930s drama films | Films about entertainersHidden categories: Articles with trivia sections from November 2007 | All articles with trivia sections
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This article is part of the series: Politics and government of
Mauritania
President
Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
Prime Minister
Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf
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A constitutional referendum was held in Mauritania on June 25, 2006 and approved by nearly 97% of voters. Following the August 2005 ouster of long-time president Maaouya Ould Sid’Ahmed Taya, the new transitional military regime called the referendum on a new constitution, which limits presidents to two five-year terms; previously presidential terms were six years and there was no limit on re-election. The new constitution also establishes a maximum age limit of 75 for presidential candidates.
Results
Electorate
Spoilt votes
Turnout (%)
For (%)
Against (%)
989,664
21,914
756,643 (76.45)
712,214(96.94)
10,482 (1.43)
Source: IFES Election Guide
References
Wikinews has related news: Mauritanians vote for new constitution
^ “Mauritania’s constitution gets 96.96% yes vote”, Middle East Online, June 28, 2006.
^ “Military junta launches pro-democracy poll”, IRIN, June 23, 2006.
Demonic possession is often the term used to describe the control over a human form by a demon. Descriptions of demonic possessions often include: erased memories or personalities, convulsions, “fits” and fainting as if one were dying. Unlike in channeling or other forms of possession, the subject has no control over the possessing entity and so it will persist until forced to leave the victim, usually through a form of exorcism. Other descriptions include access to hidden knowledge and foreign languages, drastic changes in vocal intonation and facial structure, sudden appearance of injury (scratches, bite marks) or lesions, and superhuman strength.
Many cultures and religions contain some concept of demonic possession, but the details vary considerably. The Roma people believe that demons can also possess animals, plants, deceased persons or inanimate objects.
The oldest references to demonic possession are from the Sumerians, who believed that all diseases of the body and mind were caused by “sickness demons” called gidim or gid-dim . The priests who practiced exorcisms in these nations were called ashipu (sorcerer) as opposed to an asu (physician) who applied bandages and salves. Many cuneiform tablets contain prayers to certain gods asking for protection from demons, while others ask the gods to expel the demons that have invaded their bodies.
Most illustrations portray these spirits as small, sadistic-looking or tormented-looking beings with a human likeness. Demons are often referenced as familiars. Witches would provide shelter and nourishment via the witches’ teat in exchange for the valuable services of familiars.
Shamanic cultures also believe in demon possession and shamans perform exorcisms too; in these cultures often diseases are attributed to the presence of a vengeful spirit or (loosely termed) demon in the body of the patient. These spirits are more often the spectres of animals or people wronged by the bearer, the exorcism rites usually consisting of respectful offerings or sacrificial offerings.
The Malleus Maleficarum speaks about some exorcisms that can be done in different cases. Depending on the severity of the alleged possession, solutions range from prayers of deliverance to the Solemn Rite of Exorcism as practiced by the Catholic Church.
Contents
1Demonic possession in The Bible
2In Christianity
3In medicine
4In fiction
4.1Cinema
4.2TV
4.3Video games
4.4Novels, comic books, etc.
5See also
6Notes
7References
8External links
Demonic possession in The Bible
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia: Demonical Possession:
According to the American Standard Bible, King Saul requested that the deceased prophet Samuel be summoned by channeling, even though he had been admonished by God not to allow such practices in his kingdom. He used a woman possessed by a “familiar spirit” - the Witch of Endor - for this purpose (1 Samuel ch. 28).
The New Testament mentions several opportunities in which Jesus drove out demons from persons, believing these to be the entities responsible for those mental and physical illnesses.
Matthew 4:23-25: Demon-possessed persons are healed by Jesus (also Luke 6:17-19).
Matthew 7:21-23: Many will drive out demons in Jesus’ name (also Mark 16:17; Luke 10:17; Acts 5:16; 8:7).
Matthew 8:14-17: Jesus healed many demon-possessed (also Mark 1:29-39; Luke 4:33-41).
Matthew 8:28-34: Jesus sent a herd of demons from two men into a herd of about two thousand pigs (also Mark 5:1-20; Luke 8:26-39, both referring to only one man).
Matthew 9:32-34: Jesus made a demon-possessed mute man speak, the Pharisees said it was by the power of Beelzebub (also Mark 3:20-22).
Matthew 10:1-8: The Twelve Apostles given the authority to drive out evil spirits (also Mark 3:15; 6:7; 6:13; Luke 9:1; 10:17).
Matthew 11:16-19: “this generation” said that John the Baptist was possessed by a demon (also Luke 7:31-35).
Matthew 12:22-32: Jesus healed a demon-possessed blind and dumb man (also Luke 11:14-23; 12:10; Mark 3:20-30).
Matthew 12:43-45: Jesus told an allegory of nasty spirits coming back home, that is to the human body where they have lived before (also Luke 11:24-26).
Matthew 15:21-28: Jesus expelled a demon from the body of the daughter of a Canaanite woman (also Mark 7:24-30).
Matthew 17:14-21: Jesus healed a lunatic by driving out a demon from him (also Mark 9:14-29; Luke 9:37-49).
Mark 1:21-28: Jesus expelled a nasty spirit from a man (also Luke 4:31-37).
Mark 9:38-40: A non-Christian is seen driving out demons in Jesus’ name (also Luke 9:49-50).
Mark 16:9: Jesus had driven seven demons out of Mary Magdalene (also Luke 8:2).
Luke 7:21: Many people are cleansed from evil spirits by Jesus.
Luke 13:10-17: Jesus expelled a spirit of disease from the body of a woman on the Sabbath.
Luke 13:31-32: Jesus continued to cast out demons even though Herod Antipas wanted to kill him.
Luke 22:3: Satan entered into Judas Iscariot (also John 13:27).
John 7:20: A “crowd of Jews” that wanted to kill Jesus said he was demon-possessed.
John 8:48-52: “The Jews” said Jesus was a Samaritan and demon-possessed.
John 10:20-21: Many Jews said Jesus was raving mad and demon-possessed, others said he was not.
Acts 5:3: Satan filled the heart of Ananias.
Acts 5:16: The Apostles healed those tormented by evil spirits.
Acts 8:6-8: At the teaching of Philip the Evangelist in Samaria, evil spirits came out of many.
Acts 8:18-19: Simon Magus offered to buy the power of Laying on of hands.
Acts 10:38: St. Peter said Jesus healed all who were under the power of the devil.
Acts 16:16-24: Paul and Silas were imprisoned for driving a future-telling spirit out of a slave girl.
Acts 19:11-12: Handkerchiefs and aprons touched by Paul cured illness and drove out evil spirits.
Acts 19:13-20: Seven sons of Sceva attempted to drive out evil spirits by saying: “In the name of Jesus, whom Paul preaches, I command you to come out.” But because they did not have faith in Jesus, they were unsuccessful and were actually driven from that house by the possessed.
Revelation 18:2: The Whore of Babylon is a home for demons, evil spirits and unclean birds.
Acts of the Apostles contains also a number of references to people coming under the influence of the Holy Spirit (1:8, 2:4, 2:17-18, 2:38, 4:8, 4:31, 6:3-5, 7:55, 8:15-19, 8:39, 9:17, 10:19, 11:12-16, 11:28, 13:9, 16:6-7, 19:2-6, 20:23, 21:11, 23:8-9) which is believed to be a good thing in contrast to demonic influence.
In Christianity
Despite an English language translation tradition, the Bible never refers to people as being possessed by demons. The main New Testament expressions referred to demonic influence are:
‘to be demonized’ (daimonizomai) - this is the most frequent expression.
‘having a demon’ (echon daimonion) - note it is the person who possesses the demon, not the demon who possesses the person.
Certainly the language of “possession”, like other mistranslations, has gained a life of its own, as is reflected in the title of this article. Murphy comments on the traditional language of “possession”: “Fortunately, the practice of using these terms is now in the process of correction because of renewed historical-contextual studies of Scripture and renewed experience with the demonized.” Some allow the term “possession” but restrict its use only for the most extreme cases, which are thought to be extremely rare. In most cases where a demon is believed to be involved, it tends to (1) influence the individual towards sinful or violent behavior or (2) cause physical or mental ailments that prove resistant to medical or psychiatric intervention.
The literal view of demonization is still held by a number of Christian denominations. Official Catholic doctrine affirms that demonic oppression can occur as distinguished from mental illness, but stresses that cases of mental illness should not be misdiagnosed as demonic influence. Catholic exorcisms can occur only under the authority of a bishop and in accordance with strict rules; a simple exorcism also occurs during Baptism (CCC 1673). In charismatic Christianity, deliverance ministries are activities carried out by individuals or groups aimed at solving problems related to demons and spirits, especially possession.
A great deal of controversy surrounds the book War on the Saints originally published in 1912 as a resource to the Christian faced with combating demon influences.
The concept of demon influence in Christianity was similar to that of Jewish belief. In the New Testament Jesus is reported to have encountered people who were demonized and to have driven the “evil spirits” out of these demoniacs. In the 4th century, St. Hillary asserted that demons entered the bodies of humans to use them as if they were theirs, and also proposed that the same could happen with animals.
The New Testament’s description of people who had evil spirits includes a capacity for hidden knowledge (e.g., future events, innermost thoughts of the people around them) (Acts 16:16) and great strength (Act 19:16), among others, and shows those with evil spirits can speak of Christ (Acts 19:16, Mark 3:11). According to Catholic theologians, demonic assault can be involuntary and allowed by God to test a person (for more details about God’s tests on persons see Job). Involuntary demonic assault, according to these theologians, cannot be denied because this would imply the negation of the cases mentioned in the New Testament (12, some of them repeated in more than one Gospel). However, in the overwhelming majority of cases of alleged demonic possession in modern times, the victim can suffer due to any of a number of personal initiatives: occult practices, mortal sin, loss of faith, or psychological trauma, among others.
In previous centuries, the Christian church offered suggestions on safeguarding one’s home. Suggestions ranged from dousing a household with Holy water, placing wax and herbs on thresholds to “ward off witches occult,” and avoiding certain areas of townships known to be frequented by witches and Devil worshippers after dark.
In medicine
Demonic possession is recognized as a psychiatric or medical diagnosis by either the DSM-IV as the Religious or Spiritual Problem V62.89 or the ICD-10as F44.3 Trance and possession disorders . There are many psychological ailments commonly misunderstood as demonic possession, particularly dissociative identity disorder. In the early- to mid-20 Century, “mania” or “hysteria” were common diagnoses, but such terminology has generally fallen out of favor. In cases of dissociative identity disorder in which the alter personality is questioned as to its identity, 29% are reported to identify themselves as demons. However doctors see this as a mental disease called demonomania or demonopathy, a monomania in which the patient believes that he or she is possessed by one or more demons.
In fiction
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Cinema
A well-known work on the subject is the 1973 film The Exorcist, based on the book of the same name, which portrays a typical medieval case of demonic possession in which the victim shows all required characteristics to confirm the status of possessed. This was continued in the 1990 sequel The Exorcist III, and the prequel, Exorcist: The Beginning from 2004 and the original cut of the film, Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist which was released on DVD in 2005.
The original Exorcist film was satirised by the 1987 Warner Bros. cartoon spoof The Duxorcist (starring Daffy Duck), as well as the 1990 comedy film Repossessed which starred Leslie Nielsen and Exorcist actress Linda Blair.
The 1974 blaxploitation film Abby dealt with a woman who is possessed by an African sex demon.
In the famous Evil Dead trilogy films from 1981, 1987 and 1993, many of the protagonists are possessed by “Kandarian” demons who when resurrected, are given “license to possess the living”. This form of possession was heavily based on The Exorcist, because the protagonists physically mutate when possessed, and develop abilities to read minds, crawl up walls, and breathe fire.
Demonic possession is the central theme in many other horror films, including: Beyond the Door from 1974; the 1982 film Amityville II: The Possession (based on the true life Amityville Horror case); Demons from 1985 and Demons 2: The Nightmare Returns from 1986 by Italian director Lamberto Bava; the 1987 John Carpenter film Prince of Darkness; the 1988 cult flick Night of the Demons; and the 2000 film The Convent (starring Adrienne Barbeau).
The 1998 thriller film Fallen deals with a cop (played by Denzel Washington) investigating a series of murders where the culprits are possessed by the demon Azazel.
The 1999 Arnold Schwarzenegger film End of Days shows another form of demonic possession suggested by Pope Hilarius.
At the beginning of the 2005 film Constantine based on the Vertigo Comics series Hellblazer, protagonist John Constantine (played Keanu Reeves) performs an exorcism on a young girl who exhibits behavior reminiscent of The Exorcist film. Later in the film, the character of Angela Dodson (played by Rachel Weisz) becomes demonically possessed in an occult ritual.
The 2005 film The Exorcism of Emily Rose (directed by Scott Derrickson) is loosely based on the real life story of Anneliese Michel, a German Catholic woman said to be possessed by demons and later exorcised.
In the 2007 Spanish horror film REC, a virus is identified as the cause of what was previously interpreted as “demonic possession”.
In the 2009 dark comedy/horror film Jennifer’s Body, Jennifer Check, played by Megan Fox, is murdered and is then possessed by a demon, becoming a succubus.
In the 2009 film Paranormal Activity, a couple sets up a video camera to capture activity experienced by the female character that is determined to be demonic in nature.
TV
The American sitcom Soap featured a second season storyline in which Corinne Tate’s baby was possessed by the Devil.
The 1980s horror series Friday the 13th: The Series featured a second season finale/third season premiere storyline in which the main character of Ryan Dallion was possessed by the Devil.
During late 1994 and the first half of 1995, the daytime soap opera Days of our Lives dealt with the demonic possession of one of its star characters, Dr. Marlena Evans. This storyline, written by the late James E. Reilly, was controversial at the time, but did bring the show a huge spike in ratings when most other soaps were dying in the wake of the O.J. Simpson murder trial. Longtime character John Black, a priest at the time, exorcised the demon along with the help of other such characters as Father Francis, Kristen Blake Dimera, Caroline Brady, and Dr. Mike Horton.
In “Die Hand Die Verletzt”, a 1995 episode from the second season of the X-Files, a substitute teacher named Mrs. Paddock (played by Susan Blommaert) kills a teenage girl by possessing her, while dissecting a pig fetus after class. The teacher also possesses a snake which eats and digests a human being in less than 5 minutes (despite Agent Dana Scully knowing that it would take hours or even days to digest a human being). Early in the episode, it was revealed that the school board members were devil worshippers themselves.
The series Buffy the Vampire Slayer often dealt with demons and possession.
Xena: Warrior Princess featured a few episodes that involved demonic possession of humans, but in a more fantasy-oriented manner given the nature of the show.
Possession (taken seriously) is central to the British TV series Hex.
The series Supernatural has also explored themes of demonic possession. Demons play a major part in the plots of the second and third seasons. They are portrayed as incorporeal beings, where they need to possess a body to carry out their actions.
In the episodes “The Impossible Planet” and “The Satan Pit” of Series 2 of the current Doctor Who series, the Doctor and companion Rose Tyler encounter an ancient demonic entity known as the Beast, who has taken possession of a space mining crew member Toby Zed, as well as the crew’s alien Ood servants.
The main character of the 2008 BBC1 television drama series Apparitions is a priest who performs exorcisms.
In Family Guy episode Boys Do Cry, the town thinks Stewie Griffin is possessed by the devil after he vomits the blood and body of Christ.
Video games
In the 2003 action video game Indiana Jones and the Emperor’s Tomb a woman named Mei Ying is possessed by a Chinese demon Kong Tien after being sacrificed to him. Indiana Jones must then free her.
Novels, comic books, etc.
In the 1970’s book The Amityville Horror, the house at 112 Ocean Avenue is portrayed as demoniacally possessed.
The 1971 novel The Exorcist by William Blatty drew its inspiration on a 1949 exorcism Blatty heard about while he was a student in the class of 1950 at Georgetown University, a Jesuit and Catholic school. Blatty wrote Legion, a sequel to the original novel in 1983.
The DC Comics character The Demon is a normal human named Jason Blood whose soul was bonded to a demon named Etrigan, and literally transforms into Etrigan in order to fight evil.
The concept behind the Marvel Comics superhero Ghost Rider involves motorcycle stunt daredevil Johnny Blaze being bonded with a demon named Zarathos by another demon, Mephisto. When necessary, Blaze is transformed and possessed by Zarathos to become the Ghost Rider character.
A Marvel Comics storyline from the 1980s involving the Avengers superhero team featured the Scarlet Witch being physically possessed by the demon Chthon.
The 2007 novel A Good and Happy Child deals largely with the possible subject of demonic possession.
The X-Man Rogue has the ability to absorb the minds and the powers of the people she touches; sometimes it happens that she is possessed by the minds of the people she has just touched.
Karma of the New Mutants the power to mentally possess other people.
At least three enemies of the X-Men have the ability to possess other people: Shadow King must use host bodies to enter the physical plane, and a Marauder, Malice, is a psychic entity who can possess other people. (Her most famous host is Polaris); Proteus has possessed a lot of bodies before being killed by Colossus.
See also
Spirit possession
Demon
Demonology
Exorcism
List of exorcists
Body hopping
Alien abduction
Post-abduction syndrome
Culture-bound syndrome
Anneliese Michel
Dorothy Talbye Trial
The Exorcism of Emily Rose
An American Haunting
Notes
^ Ferber, Sarah, Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern France(London, Routledge, 2004, 25, 116).
^ Sumerian “gidim”
^ Indiana Univ: MEDICINE IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
^ Willis, Deborah, Malevolent Nurture: Witch-Hunting and Maternal Power in Early Modern England (New York, Cornell University Press, 1995)
^ Murphy, Ed. 1996.The Handbook for Spiritual Warfare. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, Rev. Ed., p.51
^ Murphy, Ed. 1996. The Handbook for Spiritual Warfare. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, Rev. Ed., p.50
^ MacNutt, Francis. 1995. Deliverance from evil Spirits: a practical manual. Grand Rapids: Chosen Books. p.71
^ Broedel, Hans Peter, The Malleus Malfeicarum and the Construction of Witchcraft (Great Britain, Manchester University Press, 2003, 32-33), Barajo, Caro, World of the Witches, (Great Britain, University of Chicago Press, 1964, 73)
^ Microsoft Word - Haraldur Erlendsson 1.6.03 Multiple Personality
^ Martin Shaw has a devil of a job in Apparitions, The Times. November 8, 2008
References
Castaneda, Carlos. 1998. The Active side of Infinity. NYC HarperCollins.
External links
Demonic possession of Elizabeth Knapp: Cotton Mather’s widely-cited report on the demonic possession of Elizabeth Knapp of Massachusetts (1701)
Catholic Encyclopedia “Demonical Possession”
Encyclopedia Britannica: Possession
Andrew Lang, Demoniacal Possession, The Making of Religion, (Chapter VII), Longmans, Green, and C°, London, New York and Bombay, 1900, pp. 128-146.
War on the Saints Jessie Penn-Lewis & Evan Roberts (The Original and Completely Unabridged Edition less graphics)
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Pius Louis Schwert (November 22, 1892 – March 11, 1941) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from New York.
Schwert was born in Angola, New York. He graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1914. He played baseball for the New York Yankees from 1914 until 1915. He served in the United States Navy during World War I. He was elected to Congress in 1938 and served from January 3, 1939 until his death.
Sources
Pius L. Schwert at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
External links
Pius L. Schwert at Find a Grave
Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by James M. Mead
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York’s 42nd congressional district
1939–1941-03-11 (died)
Succeeded by John Cornelius Butler
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Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_L._Schwert”
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Leopold Kohr (5 October 1909 in Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Austria – 26 February 1994 in Gloucester, England) was an economist, jurist and political scientist known both for his opposition to the “cult of bigness” in social organization and as one of those who inspired the small is beautiful movement. For almost twenty years he was Professor of Economics and Public Administration at the University of Puerto Rico. He described himself as a “philosophical anarchist.” His most influential work was The Breakdown of Nations.
Contents
1Life and work
2Philosophy
3See also
4References
5Bibliography
6External links
Life and work
Leopold Kohr’s best known book
Kohr grew up in the small town of Oberndorf near Salzburg, and it remained his ideal of community. He often commented on the fact that the Christmas carol “Silent Night” was writtenand composed as “Stille Nacht” in his home village. He obtained doctorate degrees in law at the University of Innsbruck in Austria and political science at the University of Vienna. He also studied economics and political theory at the London School of Economics.
In 1937 Kohr became a freelance correspondent during the Spanish Civil War, where he was impressed by the limited, self-contained governments of the separatist states of Catalonia and Aragon, as well as the small Spanish anarchist city states of Alcoy and Caspe. He became close friends with journalist George Orwell and shared offices with correspondents Ernest Hemingway and André Malraux.
Kohr fled Austria in 1938 after it was annexed by Nazi Germany and immigrated to the United States and became a citizen.
Kohr taught economics and political philosophy at New Jersey’s Rutgers University from 1943 to 1955. From 1955 to 1973 he served as professor of Economics and Public Administration at the University of Puerto Rico in San Juan. There he developed his concepts of village renewal and traffic calming. He also advised the independence movement of the nearby island of Anguilla.
After many rejections by American and British publishers, Kohr’s first book The Breakdown of Nations was published in 1957 in Britain after a chance meeting with British anarchist Sir Herbert Read.
In 1973 Kohr moved from Puerto Rico to Wales, whose Welsh Independence movement he had long advised and supported. He taught political philosophy at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. After retiring from teaching he divided his time between Gloucester, England and Hellbrunn, outside Salzburg.
In 1983 in Stockholm, Sweden, Kohr received the Right Livelihood Award, sometimes called the Alternative Nobel Prize, “for his early inspiration of the movement for a human scale.” In 1984 Salzburg created the Leopold Kohr Academy and the Cultural Association “Tauriska” to put his theories of regional autonomy into practice.
Kohr was planning to return to his hometown of Oberndorf to live when he died in 1994. He was buried in Oberndorf. Salzburg journalist Gerald Lehner completed a biography of Kohr, based in part on long audio taped interviews, in 1994.
Kohr was a charming conversationalist and a witty, elegant debunker of popular assumptions. Author Ivan Illich describes him as “a funny bird—meek, fay, droll, and incisive”, as well as “unassuming” and even “radically humble.”
Philosophy
Kohr described himself as a “philosophical anarchist.” Kohr protested the “cult of bigness” and economic growth and promoted the concept of human scale and small community life. He argued that massive external aid to poorer nations stifled local initiatives and participation. His vision called for a dissolution of centralized political and economic structures in favor of local control.
In his first published essay “Disunion Now: A Plea for a Society based upon Small Autonomous Units”, published in Commonweal in 1941, Kohr wrote about a Europe at war: “We have ridiculed the many little states, now we are terrorized by their few successors.” He called for the breakup of Europe into hundreds of city states. Kohr developed his ideas in a series of books, including The Breakdown of Nations (1957), Development without Aid (1973) and The Overdeveloped Nations (1977).
From Leopold Kohr’s most popular work The Breakdown of Nations:
there seems to be only one cause behind all forms of social misery: bigness. Oversimplified as this may seem, we shall find the idea more easily acceptable if we consider that bigness, or oversize, is really much more than just a social problem. It appears to be the one and only problem permeating all creation. Whenever something is wrong, something is too big. And if the body of a people becomes diseased with the fever of aggression, brutality, collectivism, or massive idiocy, it is not because it has fallen victim to bad leadership or mental derangement. It is because human beings, so charming as individuals or in small aggregations, have been welded into overconcentrated social units.
Kohr was an important inspiration to the Green, bioregional, Fourth World, decentralist, and anarchist movements, Kohr contributed often to John Papworth’s `Journal for the Fourth World’, Resurgence. One of Kohr’s students was economist E. F. Schumacher, another prominent influence on these movements, whose best selling book Small Is Beautiful took its title from one of Kohr’s core principles. Similarly, his ideas inspired Kirkpatrick Sale’s books Human Scale (1980) and Dwellers in the Land: The Bioregional Vision (1985). Sale arranged the first American publication of The Breakdown of Nations in 1978 and wrote the foreword.
See also
Anarchism
Bioregionalism
City state
Decentralization
Human scale
Secession
Simple living
References
^ abcde Kirkpatrick Sale, foreword to E.P. Dutton 1978 edition of Leopold Kohr’s Breakdown of Nations.
^ abcdefg Leopold Kohr Akadamie biography
^ ab Description of Gerald Lehner’s The Biography of philosopher and economist Leopold Kohr. at Kohr Academie web site.
^ ab Dr. Leopold Kohr, 84; Backed Smaller States, New York Times obituary, 28 February 1994.
^ abcd“Right Livelihood Award: Leopold Kohr”. http://www.rightlivelihood.org/recip/kohr.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
^ The Wisdom of Leopold Kohr, Ivan Illich, Fourteenth Annual E. F. Schumacher Lectures, October 1994, Yale University.
Bibliography
Small is Beautiful: Selected Writings from the complete works. Posthumous collection, Vienna, 1995.
The Academic Inn, Y Lolfa, 1993.
“Disunion Now: A Plea for a Society Based upon Small Autonomous Units (1941) ”. Telos 91 (Spring 1992). New York: Telos Press.
The Inner City: From Mud To Marble, Y Lolfa, 1989.
Development Without Aid: The Translucent Society, Schocken Books, 1979.
The Overdeveloped Nations: The Diseconomies Of Scale, Schocken, 1978.
The City Of Man: The Duke Of Buen Consejo, Univ Puerto Rico, 1976.
Is Wales Viable?, C. Davies, 1971.
The Breakdown of Nations, Routledge & K. Paul, 1957 (1986 Routledge version at books.google.com); Chelsea Green Publishing Company edition, 2001.
“Disunion Now: A Plea for a Society based upon Small Autonomous Units”, originally published in The Commonweal (26 September 1941) under the pseudonym Hans Kohr.
External links
Leopold Kohr online
Leopold Kohr Akademie
The Wisdom of Leopold Kohr, Ivan Illich, Fourteenth Annual E. F. Schumacher Lectures, October 1994, Yale University
Leopold Kohr Online links to Kohr articles
Kirkpatrick Sale comments on Kohr and Breakdown of Nations at VermontCommons.Org, September 2005 and from Newsletter of the E.F. Schumacher Society, Spring 1997
Robert Benewick, Philip Green, The Routledge Dictionary of Twentieth-century Political Thinkers, Profile of Leopold Kohr, Routledge, 1998, 131-132, ISBN 0415096235
The power theory of aggression from The Breakdown of Nations (1957)
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Kohr”
Categories: 1909 births | 1994 deaths | Political theorists | Austrian immigrants to the United States | Austrian Americans | Austrian anarchists | Austrian philosophers | Austrian writers | Green thinkers | University of Vienna alumni | University of Innsbruck alumni | Academics of Aberystwyth UniversityHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009
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This page was last modified on 10 December 2009 at 23:25.
